1. Gierach, M. et al. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and carbohydrate metabolism disorders in patients hospitalised in the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology of Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz between 2001 and 2010. Endokrynol. Pol. 63, 14–17 (2012).
  2. Safer, J. D. Thyroid hormone action on skin. Dermatoendocrinol. 3, 211–215 (2011).
  3. Wiersinga, W. M. Paradigm shifts in thyroid hormone replacement therapies for hypothyroidism. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 10, 164–174 (2014).
  4. Korevaar, T. I. M. et al. Dose dependency and a functional cutoff for TPO-Antibody positivity during pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 103, 778–789 (2018).
  5. Hoang, T. D., Olsen, C. H., Mai, V. Q., Clyde, P. W. & Shakir, M. K. M. Desiccated thyroid extract compared with levothyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism: A randomized, double-blind, crossover study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98, 1982–1990 (2013).
  6. Biondi, B. The normal TSH reference range: What has changed in the last decade? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98, 3584–3587 (2013).
  7. Biotin supplement use is common and can lead to the false measurement of thyroid hormone in commonly used assays. A Publ. Am. Thyroid Assoc. 11, 3–4 (2018).
  8. Ardabilygazir, A., Afshariyamchlou, S., Mir, D. & Sachmechi, I. Effect of High-dose Biotin on Thyroid Function Tests: Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 10, 1–5 (2018).
  9. Odhaib, S. A., Mansour, A. A. & Haddad, N. S. How Biotin Induces Misleading Results in Thyroid Bioassays: Case Series. Cureus 11, 1–9 (2019).
  10. Extein, I. & Pottash, A. L. C. Hypothyroidism and Depression: Evidence From Complete Thyroid Function Evaluation. JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. 245, 1919–1922 (1981).
  11. Wartofsky, L. Combination L-T3 and L-T4 therapy for hypothyroidism. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 20, 460–466 (2013).
  12. Esposito, T. et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diet therapy in overweight subjects with autoimmune thyroiditis: Possible synergism with ChREBP. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 10, 2939–2946 (2016).
  13. Pirola, I., Gandossi, E., Agosti, B., Delbarba, A. & Cappelli, C. Selenium supplementation could restore euthyroidism in subclinical hypothyroid patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Endokrynol. Pol. 67, 567–571 (2016).
  14. Mazokopakis, E. E. et al. Effects of 12 months treatment with L-selenomethionine on serum anti-TPO levels in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Thyroid 17, 609–612 (2007).
  15. Sategna-Guidetti, C. et al. Prevalence of thyroid disorders in untreated adult celiac disease patients and effect of gluten withdrawal: An Italian multicenter study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96, 751–757 (2001).
  16. Cadegiani, F. A. & Kater, C. E. Adrenal fatigue does not exist: A systematic review. BMC Endocr. Disord. 16, 1–16 (2016).
  17. Ihnatowicz, P., Wątor, P. & Drywień, M. The importance of gluten exclusion in the management of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. (2021) doi:10.26444/aaem/136523.
  18. Krysiak, R., Szkróbka, W. & Okopień, B. The Effect of Gluten-Free Diet on Thyroid Autoimmunity in Drug-Naïve Women with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A Pilot Study. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 127, 417–422 (2019).
  19. Nishiyama, S. et al. Zinc supplementation alters thyroid hormone metabolism in disabled patients with zinc deficiency. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 13, 62–67 (1994).
  20. Liontiris, M. I. & Mazokopakis, E. E. A concise review of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and the importance of iodine, selenium, Vitamin D and gluten on the autoimmunity and dietary management of HT patients.Points that need more investigation. Hell. J. Nucl. Med. 20, 51–56 (2017).
  21. Shifren, J. L., Desindes, S., McIlwain, M., Doros, G. & Mazer, N. A. A randomized, open-label, crossover study comparing the effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy on serum androgens, thyroid hormones, and adrenal hormones in naturally menopausal women. Menopause 14, 985–994 (2007).
  22. Bianco, A. C. & Kim, B. W. Deiodinases: Implications of the local control of thyroid hormone action. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 2571–2579 (2006).
  23. Hickie, I., Bennett, B., Mitchell, P., Wilhelm, K. & Orlay, W. Clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with chronic and treatment-resistant depression. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 30, 246–252 (1996).
  24. Knezevic, J., Starchl, C., Berisha, A. T. & Amrein, K. Thyroid-gut-axis: How does the microbiota influence thyroid function? Nutrients 12, 1–16 (2020).
  25. Duntas, L. H. The Role of Iodine and Selenium in Autoimmune Thyroiditis. Horm. Metab. Res. 47, 721–726 (2015).
  26. Luo, Y. et al. Iodine excess as an environmental risk factor for autoimmune thyroid disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15, 12895–12912 (2014).
  27. Liu, J. et al. Excessive Iodine Promotes Pyroptosis of Thyroid Follicular Epithelial Cells in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Through the ROS-NF-κB-NLRP3 Pathway. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 10, 1–10 (2019).
  28. Azizi, F. Effect of dietary composition on fasting-induced changes in serum thyroid hormones and thyrotropin. Metabolism 27, 935–942 (1978).
  29. Jubiz, W. & Ramirez, M. Effect of Vitamin C on the Absorption of Levothyroxine in Patients With Hypothyroidism and Gastritis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 1031–1034 (2014).
  30. Maxwell, C. & Volpe, S. L. Effect of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone function: A case study of two college females. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 51, 188–194 (2007).
  31. Molteberg, E. et al. Effects of modified Atkins diet on thyroid function in adult patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 111, 107285 (2020).
  32. Lee, Y.-J., Kim, Y. M., Yeon, G. M., Kong, J. H. & Nam, S. O. Longitudinal change of Thyroid hormone levels in children with epilepsy on ketogenic diet. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 21, e36 (2017).
  33. Viceconti, N., Franchi, A., Fave, G. D. & Annibale, B. Thyroxine in Goiter, Helicobacter pylori Infection, and Chronic Gastritis Marco. 1787–1795 (2006).
  34. Bach-Huynh, T. G., Nayak, B., Loh, J., Soldin, S. & Jonklaas, J. Timing of levothyroxine administration affects serum thyrotropin concentration. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 3905–3912 (2009).
  35. Lahner, E., Virili, C., Santaguida, M. G., Annibale, B. & Centanni, M. Helicobacter pylori infection and drugs malabsorption. World J. Gastroenterol. 20, 10331–10337 (2014).
  36. Skelin, M. et al. Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal Absorption of Levothyroxine: A Review. Clin. Ther. 39, 378–403 (2017).
  37. Chaudhary, S. et al. Vitamin D supplementation reduces thyroid peroxidase antibody levels in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: An open-labeled randomized controlled trial. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 20, 391–398 (2016).
  38. Virili, C., Fallahi, P., Antonelli, A., Benvenga, S. & Centanni, M. Gut microbiota and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. 293–300 (2018).
  39. van Zuuren, E. J., Albusta, A. Y., Fedorowicz, Z., Carter, B. & Pijl, H. Selenium supplementation for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013, (2013).
  40. Ihnatowicz, P., Drywien, M., Wator, P. & Wojsiat, J. The importance of nutritional factors and dietary management of hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 27, 184–193 (2020).
  41. Akasheh, R. T. et al. Weight loss efficacy of alternate day fasting versus daily calorie restriction in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: a secondary analysis. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. = Physiol. Appl. Nutr.  Metab. 45, 340–343 (2020).
  42. Kose, E., Guzel, O., Demir, K. & Arslan, N. Changes of thyroid hormonal status in patients receiving ketogenic diet due to  intractable epilepsy. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 30, 411–416 (2017).